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Location: Estonia
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Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The authorities could continue efforts to include end-to-end verifiability in the Internet voting system to enhance system accountability through verification that votes are counted as recorded.
Recommendation # in final report:
1
Type of recommendation:
Priority
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Sub-legal
Status of implementation:
Partially
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Provisions on nominating VDC members should be reviewed to remove any uncertainty as to the maximum number of VDC members and to effectively ensure political balance and equality among nominating political parties as intended by the law.
Recommendation # in final report:
1
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Election Administration
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Election Administration
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To further increase and maintain trust in internet voting, the election authorities should proactively address all concerns raised by election stakeholders who distrust the results of internet voting.
Recommendation # in final report:
1
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Secondary thematic area:
Election Administration
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Authorities could consider establishing a formal process for end-to-end certification of the Internet voting system by an independent body, in line with the CoE guidelines, with its report made public.
Recommendation # in final report:
2
Type of recommendation:
Priority
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Adjustments to legal redress mechanisms should be considered to ensure timely and effective remedy in all election-related cases within election timeframes.
Recommendation # in final report:
2
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Election Administration
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Election Administration
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The election authorities could consider introducing cryptographic methods to prevent the possibility of depositing improperly formed ballots.
Recommendation # in final report:
2
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Secondary thematic area:
Election Administration
Type of change required:
Sub-legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The authorities could consider limiting the amount a single donor may contribute to a candidate or political party in a year, in order to ensure that the democratic process is not distorted by political influence through financial advantages.
Recommendation # in final report:
3
Type of recommendation:
Priority
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Consideration could be given to reviewing the combined requirements in the Election Act and the Local Government Organization Act related to the appointment of VDC members, and streamlining and further detailing provisions to ensure their consistency and implementability.
Recommendation # in final report:
3
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Election Administration
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Election Administration
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To prevent errors or outdated information when configuring the components of the system, the election authorities should put in place a quality assurance process that includes the comprehensive testing of the internet voting system in its entirety before being deployed.
Recommendation # in final report:
3
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Authorities could consider amending the law to provide the PPFSC with more resources and authority to conduct investigations in order to improve effectiveness of political and campaign finance oversight.
Recommendation # in final report:
4
Type of recommendation:
Priority
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Secondary thematic area:
Legal Framework
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Greater efforts could be made by municipal and election authorities to facilitate voting by persons with disabilities, including through further measures of ensuring the accessibility of polling stations, development of accessible information materials and assistive tools, and improving the accessibility of digital tools and online applications.
Recommendation # in final report:
4
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Election Administration
Secondary thematic area:
Participation of Persons with Disabilities
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Election Administration
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To allow for meaningful external scrutiny and to build public trust, the SEO should publish complete, precise, and up-to-date documentation regarding technologies and processes supporting the internet voting system.
Recommendation # in final report:
4
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Sub-legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Authorities should maintain and enhance their efforts to stimulate the naturalization rate among the still-large group of persons of undetermined citizenship with a view to granting them suffrage rights.
Recommendation # in final report:
5
Type of recommendation:
Priority
Thematic area:
Participation of National Minorities
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Partially
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Participation of National Minorities
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The SEO could develop strategies to mitigate the risk of internal attacks, conduct third-party risk assessments, and publish any findings and audit reports well ahead of the next elections.
Recommendation # in final report:
5
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
In order to ensure transparency and remove any doubt about the integrity of results, the SEO should explain the results reporting process and timeline in due time before election day.
Recommendation # in final report:
5
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Election Administration
Secondary thematic area:
Election Day
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To maintain and further strengthen confidence in the EVC, consideration could be given to formalizing the qualifications or other possible requirements for its members.
Recommendation # in final report:
6
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
No longer valid
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The SEO could integrate quality assurance activities into the maintenance schedule of the voting solution and publish the security rationale and all quality assurance results, including design review, security analysis, and penetration testing results.
Recommendation # in final report:
6
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
As previously recommended, the election authorities should consider methods to achieve end-to-end verifiability. To improve the current verifiability mechanisms, the election authorities should remove deficiencies in individual verifiability and ensure that all critical steps of determining the results of internet voting are auditable.
Recommendation # in final report:
6
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To increase accountability of its work, the EVC should hold regular meetings and formally adopt and publish all decisions related to Internet voting in sessions open to observers.
Recommendation # in final report:
7
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
No longer valid
Status of implementation:
Fully
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The SEO could strengthen its auditing process by developing a complete strategy and requiring auditors to implement critical auditing tools independently and from scratch.
Recommendation # in final report:
7
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
In order to provide equal opportunities to compete in elections, the election authorities should consider allocating public funding for the campaign activities of political parties contesting for the first time based on reasonable demonstrations of support.
Recommendation # in final report:
7
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The NEC could consider adopting and publishing detailed and formal procedures and deadlines for software development, testing, and updates of the Internet voting system.
Recommendation # in final report:
8
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The SEO could review the potential effects of cyber-attack allegations against the Internet voting infrastructure, and develop a risk mitigation strategy.
Recommendation # in final report:
8
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To prevent circumvention of the campaign income rules, the law should be amended to establish deadlines by which unpaid bills related to campaign expenditures must be serviced.
Recommendation # in final report:
8
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The EVC could consider reviewing its security practices related to server maintenance and backup.
Recommendation # in final report:
9
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Fully
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The technological specifications accompanying the legal framework could define acceptable voting systems in more general terms, but include additional requirements related to cryptographic strength, quality assurance, software development and deployment, as well as accountability and verifiability.
Recommendation # in final report:
9
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Sub-legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To avoid escalation of campaign expenditure and enhance equity among parties and candidates, the law should be amended to introduce campaign spending limits.
Recommendation # in final report:
9
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To increase transparency and accountability, the NEC could consider publishing full audit reports of the Internet voting system.
Recommendation # in final report:
10
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2019
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Authorities should enhance their efforts of promoting the participation of persons belonging to national minorities in public and political life, as well as take steps to further increase the naturalization rate among persons with “undetermined citizenship”, with a view to granting them full suffrage rights.
Recommendation # in final report:
10
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Participation of National Minorities
Secondary thematic area:
Participation of National Minorities
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Partially
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Participation of National Minorities
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To ensure a level playing field, consideration could be given to requiring advertisers to publish their discount policies for electoral campaign advertising.
Recommendation # in final report:
10
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To increase accountability of the Internet voting process, the EVC could consider producing and retaining records at all stages of the process.
Recommendation # in final report:
11
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Partially
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Internet Voting
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To enhance transparency, the law should mandate that all campaign advertisements include information on who produced and paid for them.
Recommendation # in final report:
11
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To address concerns with regard to the alleged misuse of administrative resources, the authorities could consider clarifying relevant provisions regulating the use of public funds during the campaign period.
Recommendation # in final report:
12
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Fully
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To strengthen the transparency of campaign expenditures and ensure compliance of all electoral participants with the regulatory requirements, the law should include a comprehensive definition of what activities of unaffiliated third-party organizations constitute election campaigning and provide for their accountability.
Recommendation # in final report:
12
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To enhance transparency of campaign finance, the authorities could consider amending the law to require reporting on election-related expenditures by third-parties.
Recommendation # in final report:
13
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Secondary thematic area:
Legal Framework
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
As a transparency measure, guidelines could be developed for handling in-kind donations by electoral contestants to ensure that all such donations are reported as prescribed by the law.
Recommendation # in final report:
13
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Sub-legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The parliament could consider amending the law to secure the tenure of PPFSC members, in order to enhance the independence of the Committee and its members.
Recommendation # in final report:
14
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Secondary thematic area:
Legal Framework
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not implemented
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Consideration should be given to enhancing the capacity and the authority of the PPFSC in conducting political party and campaign finance oversight.
Recommendation # in final report:
14
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
The authorities could consider giving the NEC the authority to provide guidance and make judgements on what constitutes outdoor political advertising.
Recommendation # in final report:
15
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Secondary thematic area:
Legal Framework
Type of change required:
No longer valid
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
With a view to preventing alienation and marginalization of minority groups, efforts by the authorities and political actors should be made to lessen the divisive rhetoric in political discourse and during the election campaign.
Recommendation # in final report:
15
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Participation of National Minorities
Type of change required:
Practice
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Participation of National Minorities
Estonia
2015
EET
Parliamentary
elections
Consideration could be given to clearly defining in law the amount of a “prohibited large-scale donation” and the penalty for making or receiving one, while ensuring that the penalty is sufficient to dissuade would-be violators.
Recommendation # in final report:
16
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Campaign Finance
Secondary thematic area:
Legal Framework
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Fully
Year of assessment:
2023
Final report heading:
Political Party and Campaign Finance
Estonia
2023
EET
Parliamentary
elections
To promote and enhance the political rights of all groups, continued efforts should be made to encourage, facilitate and incentivise the naturalisation of long-term residents with undetermined citizenship. To ensure the right to freedom of association, they should be permitted by law to join political parties.
Recommendation # in final report:
16
Type of recommendation:
Other
Thematic area:
Participation of National Minorities
Type of change required:
Legal
Status of implementation:
Not evaluated
Final report heading:
Participation of National Minorities
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